The reinstatement and the Holy Alliance, the revolution of 1848 and the social processes during the 19th century, Napoleon III and France, Bismarck and Germany, the reorganisation of Europe and the socio-political conquests, the conflict of European nationalist movements and the First World War, “the League of Nations” and the reconstruction, the democracies and juntas during the Interwar period, the Second World War and the radical changes, Europe during the Cold War and the plans for the European Union.